Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium that causes the highly contagious disease known as tuberculosis (TB). There are many different symptoms and consequences as a result of it, which primarily targets the lungs but may also target other organs. Millions of individuals worldwide, especially in impoverished nations with inadequate access to healthcare resources, are impacted by TB each year. When an infected individual coughs or sneezes, small droplets carrying the bacteria are released into the air and can spread TB. The disease can spread to others who are in close proximity to an afflicted person. Despite being curable and treated, TB continues to be a leading cause of death in the world, primarily because of insufficient and delayed diagnosis. Initial signs of TB may be mild and include a persistent cough, exhaustion, weight loss, and night sweats. More severe symptoms including chest pain, coughing up blood, and breathing difficulties may develop as the condition worsens. Extrapulmonary TB, which can infect other regions of the body and cause TB, can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the organ affected. Combinations of techniques, such as skin testing, sputum tests, and chest X-rays are frequently used to diagnose tuberculosis (TB). Once identified, TB can be treated with an antibiotic regimen spread out over several months. To stop the emergence of TB strains that are resistant to therapy, proper care is essential. One of the main objectives of public health is TB prevention. This calls for actions like the administration of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, the quick detection and treatment of active cases, and the implementation of infection control procedures in healthcare facilities. In addition, addressing socioeconomic determinants of health, such as access to healthcare and poverty, is crucial for the prevention and management of tuberculosis (TB). Research on better medications and vaccinations, as well as campaigns to increase public awareness and lessen the disease's stigma, are all part of the fight against TB. In order to prevent its spread and lessen its effects on people and communities around the world, tuberculosis must still be controlled.
