Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection that predominantly affects the lungs but can potentially affect other organs. The bacterium that causes tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, travels via the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks, making it highly contagious. Despite the fact that it is preventable and curable, tuberculosis remains a major worldwide health concern, particularly in impoverished nations with inadequate access to healthcare resources. Symptoms of the disease include continuous coughing (often with blood), chest pain, exhaustion, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. However, in its latent form, tuberculosis may not exhibit any symptoms, making it difficult to detect and cure on time. Skin tests, blood tests, chest X-rays, and sputum tests are used to detect the presence of the bacterium in tuberculosis. Treatment usually consists of a combination of antibiotics administered over a period of months to ensure total eradication of the germs and the prevention of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. The rise of drug-resistant strains is one of the most difficult difficulties in TB control. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) are strains that do not respond to typical first-line medications, making treatment more complicated, time-consuming, and costly. The emergence of these resistant strains emphasizes the significance of ongoing research and development of new medications and vaccines to successfully tackle the disease. A mixture of techniques is used to prevent tuberculosis (TB), including vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which provides partial protection against severe forms of the illness, particularly in youngsters. Furthermore, interventions such as improving living conditions, guaranteeing adequate nutrition, minimizing overcrowding, and early detection and treatment of tuberculosis cases are critical in limiting its spread. To combat tuberculosis on a worldwide scale, healthcare professionals, governments, and international organizations must work together to enhance access to healthcare, diagnostic equipment, treatments, and healthcare infrastructure, particularly in high-burden areas. While progress has been made in reducing TB incidence and mortality rates, the World Health Organization's (WHO) goal of eliminating TB as a public health threat by 2030 will necessitate sustained efforts, funding, and a comprehensive approach to combating this ancient yet persistent disease.
