High calcium levels in the blood, known as hypercalcemia, can be caused by a variety of underlying medical diseases and, if not treated, can lead to major health problems. Calcium is a vital mineral involved in a variety of physiological activities, including bone formation, nerve transmission, and muscle function. However, when calcium levels rise above the usual range (8.5 to 10.4 mg/dL), it can cause a variety of symptoms and consequences. Hyperparathyroidism, a disorder in which the parathyroid glands create an excess of parathyroid hormone (PTH), is one of the most common causes of hypercalcemia.PTH regulates calcium levels in the body by encouraging calcium release from bones and improving gastrointestinal absorption. Overproduction of PTH can cause high calcium levels in the circulation. Other potential causes of hypercalcemia include certain malignancies, particularly those affecting the bones, and kidney disorders that limit calcium excretion. Furthermore, an excessive intake of calcium or vitamin D supplements might contribute to high blood calcium levels. Hypercalcemia symptoms can range from fatigue to weakness, nausea, constipation, increased thirst and urination, and confusion. In severe situations, it can cause kidney stones, bone discomfort, and even heart rhythms. Blood tests to determine calcium levels are commonly used in diagnosis, as are examinations of kidney function and other blood factors. Imaging tests, such as X-rays or CT scans, may be used to discover potential causes, such as malignancies. The treatment seeks to address the root cause of hypercalcemia. In cases of hyperparathyroidism, surgical excision of the hyperactive parathyroid gland may be required. Cancer-related hypercalcemia is treated by addressing the underlying malignancy. Hydration using intravenous fluids and drugs that stimulate calcium excretion by the kidneys, such as diuretics, may also be used. If signs of hypercalcemia appear, speak with a healthcare practitioner immediately. Timely diagnosis and action are critical for avoiding problems and restoring calcium levels to normal.
