In all forms of life, tetrapyrroles are an important class of chemical molecules that are involved in several biological activities. These molecules stand out due to their distinctive structure, which is a macrocyclic structure made up of four connected pyrrole rings. Heme, a prosthetic group found in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and numerous enzymes, is one of the most well-known tetrapyrroles. In aerobic species, heme is essential for oxygen transport and electron transfer reactions. Chlorophyll, which converts light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis to support life on Earth, is another key tetrapyrrole. Tetrapyrroles serve crucial functions in several important metabolic pathways in addition to their responsibilities in oxygen transport and photosynthesis. Heme-containing compounds called cytochromes have a role in both cellular respiration and electron transport within the respiratory chain. Tetrapyrroles are also essential parts of numerous enzymatic processes, such as those that catalyze redox reactions, DNA repair, and the creation of significant biological compounds. Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis is a difficult and strictly controlled process. Multiple enzymatic processes take place in eukaryotic cells' mitochondria and chloroplasts. Glycine and succinyl-CoA are first combined to create aminolevulinic acid (ALA), which is then transformed into porphobilinogen, the precursor of the tetrapyrrole ring system. Through many branching pathways, this intermediate is then changed into protoporphyrinogen IX and ultimately into heme or chlorophyll.Tetrapyrroles are essential for biological processes, thus any disruption or imbalance in their biosynthesis might result in serious illnesses. For instance, a category of genetic diseases known as porphyrias are brought on by flaws in the production of tetrapyrrole, which leads to the buildup of hazardous intermediates. Tetrapyrroles are essential chemicals that support important biological activities like oxygen transport, photosynthesis, and enzymatic reactions, to name a few. They can perform a wide range of functions thanks to their beautiful and intricate structures, which makes them an important subject of scientific study for comprehending the basic functions of life.
