Organic compounds with at least one halogen atom bound to carbon are known as organohalide compounds. The halogens fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine are frequently found in organohalides. These substances have a variety of characteristics and are used in a wide range of sectors, including agriculture and pharmaceuticals. Organohalides are categorized into three groups according to the kind of organic groups that are connected to the halogen: aryl, vinyl, and alkyl halides. The most basic type of organohalides, alkyl halides, are made up of chains of alkane hydrocarbons with one or more hydrogen atoms swapped out for halogen atoms. These substances play a significant role in organic synthesis and are commonly employed in processes like nucleophilic substitution and elimination. Alkyl halides' reactivity is determined by the type of halogen and the functional groups that surround it. A halogen atom is joined to a carbon-carbon double bond in vinyl halides. These substances are necessary for the synthesis of polymers, particularly polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a common type of plastic. Vinyl halides are constituents of lengthy chains of repeating units that are formed during polymerization processes. Halogen atoms are joined to an aromatic ring in aryl halides. These substances are essential for the production of colors, agrochemicals, and medications. The compound's reactivity and other characteristics can be affected by the halogens on the aromatic ring. Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are frequently observed in aryl halides, when a halogen is substituted for a hydrogen atom on the aromatic ring. Organohalides are important in medical chemistry because many medications have halogen atoms in them for special qualities like increased metabolic stability and bioavailability. Furthermore, because some organohalides are effective at preventing diseases and pests, they are employed as pesticides in agriculture. Organohalides have caused environmental concerns while being widely used. Persistent organic pollutants, such as some halogenated chemicals, can build up in the environment and endanger both human health and ecosystems. To lessen the effect of organohalides on the environment, scientists and businesses are investigating substitute, greener substances.
