Organohalides are a family of organic compounds that include one or more carbon-halogen (C-X) bonds. They are often referred to as organohalogens or halocarbons. Organohalides are frequently composed of halogen atoms such as fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I). These substances are important in many industrial, medicinal, and agricultural applications. Chlorinated hydrocarbons are a common class of organohalides. These substances are frequently created purposefully for particular uses or as byproducts of industrial processes. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), for instance, were formerly extensively utilized as propellants and refrigerants but have since been phased out because of their harmful effects on the ozone layer. Depending on the kind and quantity of halogen atoms joined to the carbon skeleton, organohalides have a variety of chemical and physical characteristics. The halogen is more electronegative than the carbon in the carbon-halogen bond, which is often polarized. The bond becomes polar as a result, with a partial positive charge on the carbon and a partial negative charge on the halogen. In many cases, halogenated chemicals are employed as insecticides, solvents, and medicinal intermediates. Concerns have been made over some organohalides' effects on the environment, though. For example, harm to human health and the environment has been connected to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). With the help of international agreements and laws, efforts have been undertaken to control and eventually phase out the use of such substances. The technique of halogenating organic compounds—introducing a halogen atom into the molecule—is necessary to synthesize organohalides. Common techniques include employing halogen acids, halogenating reagents, or elemental halogenation. Organohalides are nonetheless essential for the synthesis of minerals, agrochemicals, and medicines despite their disadvantages. To reduce their negative effects on the environment and guarantee that these compounds are used responsibly across a range of industries, researchers are looking at sustainable substitutes and creating more environmentally friendly production processes.
