Compounds known as oral absorption promoters or absorption enhancers play a crucial role in enhancing the bioavailability and absorption of medications and minerals taken orally. These agents address challenges posed by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which often hinders efficient drug delivery through inherent defensive mechanisms like mucus barriers, efflux pumps, and enzymatic degradation. To counteract these obstacles, various types of oral absorption promoters, including organic chemicals, have been investigated. Surfactants, characterized by their amphiphilic qualities, are one prevalent type of absorption promoter. They assist in solubilizing hydrophobic drugs, thereby increasing their permeability through the intestinal epithelium. Another class involves bile salts, which form mixed micelles with poorly soluble medications, enhancing their solubility and absorption. Additionally, permeability boosters like medium-chain fatty acids rupture tight connections between epithelial cells, facilitating paracellular transport. Organic acids and chelating agents within this category chelate metal ions in the mucosal layer, temporarily loosening tight connections and facilitating drug permeation. Nanoemulsions and lipid-based delivery methods have gained popularity as oral Absorption Boosters due to their ability to enhance drug solubility, stability, and intestinal uptake. These systems create tiny droplets, increasing the total surface area available for absorption and facilitating drug transport through the epithelial barrier. Despite their benefits, caution is necessary when using oral absorption promoters, including organic chemicals, as some substances may irritate or harm the GI tract. Safety precautions and careful assessment of co-administered drug interactions are vital to preventing adverse effects. In conclusion, oral absorption promoters, with their diverse mechanisms ranging from solubilization to innovative delivery systems, are indispensable in advancing pharmaceutical and nutraceutical research and enhancing the bioavailability of orally administered compounds.
