Neuraminidase inhibitors, classified as organic chemicals, constitute a vital category of antiviral drugs employed in the treatment and prevention of influenza infections. These compounds target the neuraminidase enzyme, found on the surface of the influenza virus. Neuraminidase plays a pivotal role in releasing newly formed viral particles from infected cells, facilitating the virus's spread to other cells in the body. By inhibiting neuraminidase activity, these organic chemicals effectively impede the release of viral particles, curtailing the virus's dissemination within the body. This action contributes to the reduction of influenza symptoms' severity and duration, as well as the lowered risk of complications and secondary infections. Currently, two primary neuraminidase inhibitors, namely oseltamivir (brand name Tamiflu) and zanamivir (brand name Relenza), have approval for use. Administered orally (oseltamivir) or via inhalation (zanamivir), these drugs demonstrate optimal efficacy when initiated within 48 hours of symptom onset. They are commonly prescribed for treating uncomplicated influenza in healthy individuals and for prophylaxis in high-risk individuals exposed to the virus. While generally well-tolerated, with common side effects like nausea, vomiting, headaches, and dizziness, it is crucial to note that neuraminidase inhibitors, as organic chemicals, are not a substitute for influenza vaccination—still the most effective preventive measure. The effectiveness of these inhibitors can vary based on influenza virus strains and the presence of resistance mutations, emphasizing the importance of continuous surveillance for potential impacts on their efficacy. Neuraminidase inhibitors are valuable tools in influenza management, yet their usage should be guided by healthcare professionals, ensuring adherence to prescribed dosage and treatment duration.
