Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are a class of medications used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. These drugs mimic the action of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1, a hormone that plays a crucial role in glucose homeostasis. GLP-1 is released from the intestines in response to food intake and stimulates insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, and slows down gastric emptying, thereby reducing postprandial glucose levels. GLP-1 RAs are designed to activate the GLP-1 receptor, providing the benefits of enhanced glucose-dependent insulin secretion without causing hypoglycemia. These drugs also suppress appetite, promoting weight loss, making them especially valuable in managing diabetes in patients with obesity. Administration of GLP-1 RAs is typically via subcutaneous injection, and they come in various formulations with different dosing schedules. Common examples include exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, and semaglutide. In addition to their glucose-lowering effects, GLP-1 RAs have shown cardiovascular benefits, including a reduction in the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. Their well-tolerated side effect profile and positive impact on weight make GLP-1 RAs a valuable therapeutic option in the comprehensive management of type 2 diabetes.
