Dibutyltin compounds are a type of organotin compound that contains two butyl groups that are linked to a tin atom. They have found extensive applications in a variety of industrial and commercial sectors, albeit their use has been more restricted due to environmental and health concerns. One of the most common uses for dibutyltin compounds is in the production of PVC (polyvinyl chloride). They act as catalysts or stabilizers in the PVC manufacturing process, assisting in the polymerization process and improving the material's durability and heat resistance. However, as PVC items degrade or are discarded, these substances may seep into the environment, causing dangers. Dibutyltin compounds have also been used in marine paints as antifouling agents. These compounds were effective when applied to boat hulls to inhibit the attachment and growth of marine creatures such as algae and barnacles, but they generated environmental issues. The release of these chemicals into bodies of water has a negative impact on marine life, altering ecosystems and hurting aquatic species. Dibutyltin compounds have a major environmental impact. They are known to be environmentally persistent, withstanding degradation and accumulating in sediment and organisms. Studies have shown that they are hazardous to marine life, causing endocrine changes, reproductive difficulties, and immune system deficiencies. Because of these environmental and health issues, many nations' regulatory agencies have put limitations or bans on the use of certain dibutyltin compounds. Through the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships (AFS Convention), the International Maritime Organization (IMO) imposed a global prohibition on the use of organotin-based antifouling coatings on ship hulls in 2008. As a result of these regulations and rising knowledge of their negative impacts, there has been a shift in numerous industries toward alternate substances and technology. Dibutyltin chemicals are being replaced with safer and more environmentally friendly alternatives in PVC manufacture, marine coatings, and other applications. Continued study focuses on understanding dibutyltin chemicals' persistence, behavior, and potential remediation solutions in the environment, with the goal of mitigating their impact and exploring sustainable alternatives across industries.
