A serious and sometimes fatal condition called rectal cancer develops in the rectum, the last segment of the large intestine that lies right before the anus. If left untreated, this cancer, which normally develops from aberrant cell development inside the rectal lining, can gradually infect neighboring tissues and organs. Although rectal cancer and colon cancer both come into the colorectal cancer umbrella, despite having many similarities, rectal cancer is a different clinical entity due to its unique location and ability to affect bowel function. Rectal cancer is one of the most worrisome diseases since it is sneaky and frequently goes unnoticed in the early stages. In addition to rectal bleeding, abdominal discomfort, and unintentional weight loss, common symptoms of the disease include changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhea, constipation, or the feeling that the bowels are not emptying completely. Due to these vague symptoms, people may put off seeking medical help, allowing the cancer to grow to more advanced stages before being discovered. Rectal cancer must be managed with the utmost care through early identification and precise diagnosis. To determine the existence and stage of the disease, doctors often use a mix of techniques, such as digital rectal exams, colonoscopies, imaging tests like CT scans or MRI, and biopsies. The staging procedure aids in determining how far the cancer has spread and directs therapy choices. Rectal cancer treatment options are varied and may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these modalities. The stage, location, and general health of the patient all factor into the therapy decision. A permanent colostomy or a temporary ileostomy may be created to redirect the contents of the bowel after surgery to remove the tumor and surrounding tissue. Before or after surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy may be used to shrink the tumor, eradicate any cancer cells that may still be present, or lower the likelihood of recurrence. Recent years have witnessed tremendous improvements in the treatment of rectal cancer, with minimally invasive surgical methods including laparoscopy and robotic-assisted surgery providing better results and faster recovery. To further improve therapy effectiveness, targeted treatments and immunotherapies are also being investigated as viable possibilities. Depending on the tumour's stage at diagnosis, the prognosis for rectal cancer varies. Rectal cancer that is in its early stages can frequently be cured with the right treatment, whereas advanced-stage disease is more difficult to treat and may have fewer successful results. In order to increase survival rates and guarantee that those who are affected by this ailment have a higher quality of life, routine screening and early intervention are crucial. In the fight against rectal cancer, patient education, awareness, and teamwork between medical professionals and patients are crucial, underlining the value of routine tests and a healthy lifestyle in lowering the risk.
