Low bone mass and structural degeneration of bone tissue are the hallmarks of osteoporosis, a silent but crippling disorder that increases the risk of fractures, especially in the hip, spine, and wrist. Prevention and early intervention are critical since this condition frequently advances without symptoms until a fracture occurs. To prevent fractures and preserve bone health is the fundamental objective of controlling osteoporosis. This calls for a multimodal strategy that includes medication, lifestyle changes, and occasionally surgical intervention. Changing one's lifestyle is essential for managing osteoporosis. Ingesting enough calcium and vitamin D is necessary to keep bones healthy. By strengthening bones and enhancing balance, weight-bearing activities and resistance training lower the risk of fractures and falls. To reduce bone loss, quitting smoking and consuming alcohol in moderation are also advised. Pharmacotherapy is frequently required, particularly for people with substantial bone loss or those who are at high risk of fracture. There are numerous drug classes available to treat osteoporosis. Alendronate and risedronate are two examples of bisphosphonates that are frequently used as first-line medications. By preventing bone resorption, these medications support bone density maintenance. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) like raloxifene, which replicate the actions of estrogen on bone, and monoclonal antibodies like denosumab, which block bone resorption by focusing on particular signaling pathways, are further choices. Intravenous bisphosphonates or subcutaneous injections of denosumab may be chosen for people who are unable to take oral drugs or who struggle to adhere to dosage instructions. Hormone replacement treatment (HRT) is a possibility in some situations to assist maintain bone density, especially for postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis-related fractures may require surgical intervention, particularly if they include severe hip or spinal compression fractures. While hip replacement surgery may be necessary for hip fractures, procedures like kyphoplasty or vertebroplasty can help stabilize fractured vertebrae and relieve pain. In summary, osteoporosis is a widespread but preventable and treatable disorder that needs to be managed holistically. People with osteoporosis can lower their chance of fractures and preserve a high quality of life by addressing modifiable risk factors, using the right medication, and thinking about surgery when necessary.
