Osteomyelitis is a dangerous and potentially debilitating bone infection that causes inflammation, swelling, and the presence of infectious microorganisms within the bone tissue.This disorder can be caused by either bacterial or fungal invasion, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most common cause.Osteomyelitis is primarily transmitted through hematogenous dissemination, direct injection, or extension from neighboring soft tissues. Hematogenous spread is the transmission of diseases through the circulation, which frequently seeds the bone with infectious agents. This can happen during systemic illnesses or when infection spreads from distant places in the body. Direct inoculation can occur as a result of open fractures, surgical procedures, or bacteria being introduced through damaged skin. Extension from surrounding soft tissues is possible when infections in nearby structures, such as muscles or joints, move to the underlying bone. Osteomyelitis symptoms include localized pain, edema, redness, and restricted joint movement. Systemic symptoms such as fever and malaise may also exist. In chronic cases, the infection can cause the creation of sequestra—areas of necrotic bone separated from healthy tissue—as well as the development of sinus tracts, which are channels that connect the infected bone to the skin surface, allowing pus to drain. Clinical evaluation, imaging techniques (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI), and microbiological testing of bone or blood samples are commonly used to diagnose the causing organism. A timely and correct diagnosis is critical for successful treatment. Osteomyelitis is usually treated with a mix of antibiotics and surgery. Intravenous antibiotics are widely used to target certain diseases. Surgical techniques may include abscess drainage, necrotic tissue debridement, and, in severe situations, excision of contaminated bone pieces. Despite advances in medical care, osteomyelitis is still a difficult infection to treat. Chronic pain, deformities, and recurring infections are among complications that can have a substantial influence on a patient's quality of life. Early detection, timely intervention, and a collaborative strategy including orthopedic surgeons and infectious disease specialists are critical for enhancing outcomes and avoiding long-term implications of osteomyelitis.
