Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is a broad category of blood malignancies that begin in the lymphatic system, which is a critical component of the immune system responsible for fighting infections. Unlike Hodgkin's lymphoma, NHL is a diverse group of lymphomas with various characteristics, making it a heterogeneous and complex disease. The lymphatic system consists of lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow, all of which create and store white blood cells known as lymphocytes. In NHL, aberrant lymphocytes multiply uncontrollably, resulting in malignancies in lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues. The actual etiology of NHL is unknown, however risk factors such as age, immunodeficiency, specific infections, and exposure to particular chemicals or radiation have been discovered. NHL can be categorized into subgroups according on the kind of lymphocyte involved (B-cells or T-cells) as well as cell features. B-cell lymphomas are more frequent, accounting for around 85% of all NHL cases. Some common subtypes are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma. T-cell lymphomas, albeit less common, have different characteristics and include entities such as peripheral T-cell lymphoma. NHL symptoms can include painless swelling of the lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, and unexplained weight loss. Imaging investigations, blood tests, and a lymph node biopsy are used to evaluate the disease's subtype and extent. Staging is critical for establishing the best therapeutic option. The treatment for NHL varies according to the subtype, stage, and overall health of the patient. Common treatments include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation. Targeted medicines, such as monoclonal antibodies, have showed promise in some cases. The prognosis of NHL varies greatly, with certain subtypes having a better outcome than others. Many patients' outcomes continue to improve thanks to advances in research and treatment. However, the variety of NHL presents obstacles, necessitating individualized and multidisciplinary approaches to optimal patient care. Regular follow-ups are necessary for assessing treatment responses and recognizing potential relapses. Overall, ongoing research and clinical trials seek to improve our understanding of NHL and create more effective treatments for this complex and diverse group of blood malignancies.
