Mechanical ventilation is a critical medical technique used to help people who are unable to breathe properly on their own. It is widely used in intensive care units, operating rooms, and emergency departments to help patients with respiratory failure, acute lung injury, or other disorders that impair their capacity to breathe properly. There are two main types of mechanical ventilation: invasive and non-invasive. Invasive ventilation is the insertion of a breathing tube into the patient's airway via the mouth or nose (endotracheal intubation) or a surgically produced hole in the neck (tracheostomy). Non-invasive ventilation, on the other hand, provides ventilatory assistance via a mask or other interface, eliminating the need for an artificial airway. Mechanical ventilation relies heavily on the ventilator, a sophisticated mechanism. It supplies a controlled amount of air (tidal volume) to the patient's lungs, allowing for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Ventilators can be set to deliver certain breath patterns by altering factors including respiratory rate, inspiratory and expiratory time, and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). PEEP is especially critical for promoting lung recruitment and minimizing alveolar collapse. Mechanical ventilation options include assist-control ventilation, pressure support ventilation, and synchronized intermittent required ventilation. Assist-control ventilation provides a predetermined tidal volume with each breath, whereas pressure support ventilation supplements the patient's own efforts by providing assistance during inspiration. Synchronized intermittent obligatory ventilation mixes controlled and spontaneous breaths. Monitoring is essential for mechanical ventilation to maintain patient safety and optimize ventilation parameters. Regular assessments include arterial blood gases, peak airway pressure, and plateau pressure. Complications including ventilator-associated pneumonia and barotrauma are routinely monitored. Mechanical ventilation has the potential to save lives, but it is not without hazards. Prolonged mechanical ventilation can cause ventilator-related lung damage and muscle weakness. As a result, practitioners must carefully balance the benefits and hazards, modifying breathing techniques based on the patient's changing condition. Individualized patient care and continual assessment are critical components of effective mechanical ventilation management.