Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that affects the pleura, or lining of the lungs. It is largely caused by asbestos fiber exposure, which often occurs after prolonged inhalation or ingestion of these small fibers. The time lag between exposure and disease can be lengthy, often extending decades, making early detection difficult. This cancer develops when asbestos fibers cause alterations in the cells that line the lungs. These cells change and divide uncontrollably over time, resulting in tumors that spread throughout the pleura. Initially, symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, chronic cough, and weight loss can mirror other respiratory illnesses. Fluid collection in the chest cavity (pleural effusion) becomes prevalent as the condition advances, increasing breathing difficulties. Diagnostic diagnostics for malignant pleural mesothelioma include imaging scans (X-rays, CT scans, MRI), biopsies, and sometimes fluid drainage to determine the presence of cancer cells. Accurate diagnosis is critical for establishing cancer stage and developing an effective treatment plan. Treatment options are determined by the disease's stage and the patient's overall health. Among the principal treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and developing immunotherapy approaches. Surgical methods may include removing the afflicted pleura (pleurectomy), the lung (pneumonectomy), or a portion of both, with the goal of removing visible tumors and alleviating symptoms. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are frequently used together or separately to target cancer cells and decrease tumors. The prognosis for malignant pleural mesothelioma depends on a number of factors, including the stage of the disease at diagnosis, the degree of tumor dissemination, the patient's age, and overall health. Unfortunately, the prognosis is often poor due to the aggressive character of this malignancy and its tendency to be found at advanced stages, with a median survival ranging from several months to a few years. Clinical studies examining new treatment approaches provide promise for better outcomes and longer survival rates. Furthermore, advances in early detection tools and customized medicines hold promise for improving the management of this difficult disease. Efforts to raise awareness about the dangers of asbestos exposure and to put severe safety measures in place will be important in preventing future cases of malignant pleural mesothelioma.