The conjunctiva, a thin, transparent membrane covering the white portion of the eye and lining the inner eyelids, as well as the cornea, the clear, front surface of the eye, are both inflamed in keratoconjunctivitis, a complex eye ailment. There are several ways that this ailment can present itself, including viral, bacterial, allergy, and dry eye keratoconjunctivitis, each with its own unique set of symptoms and underlying reasons. Adenoviruses and herpes simplex are two prevalent viruses that frequently cause viral keratoconjunctivitis. It causes tearing, redness, and a gritty feeling in the eyes. Additionally, patients may report impaired vision and light sensitivity. On the other hand, bacterial infections, most frequently caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, frequently lead to bacterial keratoconjunctivitis. Redness, discharge (pus), and the perception of a foreign body in the eye are its defining features. Allergens including pollen, dust mites, or pet dander can cause allergic keratoconjunctivitis. Redness, stinging, tearing, and swelling of the conjunctiva are common symptoms. Due to the systemic nature of their allergic reaction, people with allergic keratoconjunctivitis may also experience nasal congestion and sneezing. Last but not least, dry eye keratoconjunctivitis results from inadequate or poor tear production, which causes symptoms including dryness, burning, and a foreign body sensation in the eyes. The underlying cause of keratoconjunctivitis determines how it should be treated. While allergic keratoconjunctivitis may benefit from antihistamines or mast cell stabilizers, viral and bacterial types may need antiviral or antibiotic eye drops, respectively. To properly manage symptoms of dry eye keratoconjunctivitis, artificial tears and lifestyle changes are frequently required. Surgery or additional specialist therapies might be required in extreme cases or when complications like corneal ulcers develop. To avoid long-term damage to the cornea and maintain general eye health, early diagnosis and effective care are crucial. When experiencing the signs of keratoconjunctivitis, it is vital to get urgent medical assistance from an ophthalmologist.
