Influenza, also known as "the flu," is an infectious respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. These viruses are from the Orthomyxoviridae family and are categorized into three types: A, B, and C. Influenza A is the most severe and adaptable, infecting humans, birds, and other animals. When an infected individual coughs, sneezes, or speaks, respiratory droplets are released. It can also be transmitted by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus and then touching one's face. The incubation period typically lasts one to four days, with patients being most contagious within the first 24-48 hours of symptom onset. Symptoms of influenza include fever, chills, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscular or body pains, headaches, exhaustion, and, in some cases, vomiting or diarrhea, particularly in youngsters. While most instances are mild, influenza can cause serious consequences, especially in susceptible populations like the elderly, young children, pregnant women, and people with underlying health issues. Seasonal influenza outbreaks occur every year and can cause major morbidity and mortality around the world. Vaccination is an important preventive step, and annual flu vaccinations are suggested to protect against the most common strains. The vaccination induces the immune system to create antibodies, which protect against certain influenza viruses. Antiviral medicines, such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza), are used to treat influenza. When used early in the illness's progression, these medications can reduce the severity and length of symptoms. However, they are not a replacement for immunization. Influenza control relies heavily on public health initiatives. Hygiene methods like as frequent handwashing, covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and remaining at home when unwell can help prevent transmission. In hospital settings, infection control techniques are used to safeguard both patients and healthcare workers. The continual mutation of influenza viruses presents obstacles in sustaining effective vaccinations. Every year, researchers monitor and alter the vaccine formulation to match the strains that are circulating. Furthermore, continuing research is looking into the development of a universal flu vaccine that gives long-term protection against a broader range of influenza viruses.
