Hepatitis C is a liver viral infection caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Because of its propensity to develop chronic liver disease and accompanying problems, it is a major worldwide health concern. The virus is primarily transmitted by contact with infected blood, which can occur as a result of sharing needles during drug use, risky medical procedures, or transfusions with unscreened blood products; but, it can also be transmitted through sexual contact in rare cases. Many persons who become infected may not experience immediate signs or may experience mild symptoms that go unreported. Chronic HCV infection, on the other hand, can cause severe liver damage, cirrhosis, liver failure, or hepatocellular cancer over time. Hepatitis C is diagnosed using blood tests that detect particular antibodies or viral genetic material in the blood. Early identification is critical because it allows for timely treatments and lowers the risk of complications. There are several antiviral drugs available to treat hepatitis C, with the goal of eliminating the virus from the body. The type of treatment relies on a number of criteria, including the virus's genotype and the level of liver damage. Controlling the spread of hepatitis C requires prevention. This involves utilizing sterile needles and equipment, screening blood donations, and raising awareness about the dangers of sharing personal objects such as razors or toothbrushes that may come into contact with blood. Regular testing and quick medical intervention are critical for persons at higher risk, such as healthcare workers or those with a history of intravenous drug use. Hepatitis C vaccines are still being developed, with research focusing on developing effective prevention strategies. In recent years, there has been substantial progress in the treatment of hepatitis C. Direct-acting antiviral medicines have transformed treatment, with excellent cure rates and shorter treatment durations. These drugs target various stages of the HCV lifecycle, interfering with replication and eventually eliminating the virus from the body. Despite these medicinal advances, there are still problems in combating hepatitis C on a global basis. Access to testing, treatment, and prevention remains inequitable, particularly in low- and middle-income nations. Efforts to increase access to affordable tests and medicines are critical in lowering the disease burden globally and moving closer to the goal of eliminating hepatitis C as a public health threat.
