Helminths are parasitic worms that are classified into several taxonomic groups, including nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes). These multicellular organisms have a complicated life cycle that frequently involves multiple host species at various phases. Helminthic infections, commonly known as helminthiasis, impact millions of people around the world, especially in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to healthcare. Nematodes, sometimes known as roundworms, have a tough, flexible cuticle covering their body. They are among the most common helminths, producing ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm infection. Ascariasis is one of the most prevalent human infections worldwide, caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. Ingestion of contaminated food or water containing parasite eggs results in transmission. Cestodes, often known as tapeworms, are flat, ribbon-like worms that live in their hosts' digestive tracts. A tapeworm's life cycle frequently comprises two hosts: an intermediate host where larvae develop and a definitive host where the adult tapeworm lives. Tapeworm infections can be acquired by consuming contaminated undercooked or raw meat. Diseases caused by tapeworms, namely Taenia species, include taeniasis and cysticercosis. Trematodes, often known as flukes, are parasitic leaf-shaped parasites that can infect numerous organs such as the liver, lungs, and intestines. Schistosomiasis is a widespread and devastating helminth infection caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. Humans become infected when they come into touch with water contaminated with cercariae, the parasite's larval stage. Helminthic infections frequently cause symptoms such as stomach discomfort, diarrhea, anemia, and malnutrition. Chronic infections can have far-reaching repercussions, including impaired cognitive development in children, limited growth, and decreased productivity in adults. Preventing helminthic infections entails promoting good hygiene, increasing sanitation, and guaranteeing access to safe drinking water. Furthermore, effective antihelminthic medications and vaccine programs are critical in reducing the prevalence of these parasite illnesses.
