The blood and bone marrow are the main organs affected by hairy cell leukaemia (HCL), an uncommon and chronic form of the disease. Under a microscope, B lymphocytes, a kind of white blood cell, exhibit tiny, hair-like projections on their surface, which are indicative of aberrant B lymphocyte proliferation. The accumulation of these aberrant cells in the bone marrow, spleen, and peripheral circulation can cause a number of symptoms and consequences. HCL has an indolent tendency, which means that it tends to advance slowly and may not manifest symptoms for a considerable amount of time, which frequently results in a delayed diagnosis. Fatigue, weakness, recurrent infections, easy bruising, and an enlarged spleen, which can produce stomach pain or a feeling of fullness, are all common signs of HCL. Due to its rare and modest symptoms, HCL can be difficult to diagnose, and specialised procedures like bone marrow biopsy and flow cytometry are frequently required to establish the disease's presence. HCL's precise cause is still unknown, however a number of risk factors, such as exposure to specific toxins and chemicals, have been noted. It can happen at any age, though it seems to affect people in their middle or later years more frequently in males than in women. Options for treating HCL after diagnosis have dramatically increased over time. The reduction of aberrant white blood cells in the body and the relief of symptoms are the main targets of treatment. Chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy are frequent forms of treatment, and the medication cladribine is frequently employed in the management of HCL. The majority of people can live with hairy cell leukaemia for lengthy periods of time, frequently without having serious consequences. To properly manage the disease and address any potential complications that may emerge, healthcare practitioners must perform routine monitoring. For those with HCL, there is still hope for better treatment options and results thanks to ongoing research and haematology improvements.
