Gonorrhea, caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae, is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that mostly affects the genital tract but can also infect the throat, rectum, and eyes. It is one of the most common STIs worldwide, with millions of new cases reported each year. Transmission is most usually achieved through unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an infected person. Symptoms vary by individual, but they often occur within two weeks of contact. In males, symptoms may include a burning feeling while urinating, penile discharge (typically green, yellow, or white), and testicular swelling or pain. Females may feel vaginal discharge, uncomfortable urination, bleeding between periods, and abdominal pain. However, it is important to note that some people, particularly women, may not exhibit any visible symptoms, resulting in misdiagnosed and untreated infections that can lead to serious problems. Urine samples, swabs from the vaginal area, throat, or rectum, and, in some cases, blood tests are used to diagnose gonorrhea. medications are the primary treatment; however, germs are becoming increasingly resistant to various medications, making treatment more difficult. If left untreated, gonorrhea can cause serious consequences. In women, it can induce pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can lead to chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancies. Untreated gonorrhea in men can cause epididymitis, a painful infection that affects the tubes connected to the testicles and may result in infertility. Furthermore, it can aid in the spread and acquisition of HIV. Prevention entails engaging in safe sex by using condoms, getting frequent STI exams, and openly discussing sexual health with partners. Partner notification and treatment are critical for preventing reinfection. Education, easy access to testing and treatment, and antibiotic-resistant strain tracking are all critical public health initiatives for managing and preventing gonorrhea transmission. The bacteria's adaptability and resistance mechanisms necessitate ongoing study and development of new antibiotics or other treatment options. Despite being a common and treatable infection, gonorrhea demands awareness, proactive actions, and easy access to healthcare in order to properly address its effects on individuals and the public health.
