Ethylene glycol poisoning is a severe and sometimes fatal illness caused by the intake of ethylene glycol, a common constituent in antifreeze and other industrial products. The drug is colorless, odorless, and sweet-tasting, making it more deadly because people may unintentionally swallow it. Ethylene glycol toxicity is caused by the body's metabolic conversion of the molecule into hazardous metabolites. Once consumed, ethylene glycol is quickly absorbed via the gastrointestinal tract. The liver then metabolizes it via a sequence of enzymatic processes, yielding glycolic acid, glyoxylic acid, and oxalic acid. These metabolites contribute to ethylene glycol poisoning by producing metabolic acidosis and calcium oxalate crystals, which can precipitate in the kidneys and cause renal failure. Symptoms of ethylene glycol poisoning often occur gradually. Individuals may feel nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain during the initial phase, which lasts up to 12 hours. As toxic metabolites accumulate, the central nervous system may become depressed, resulting in disorientation, dizziness, and, eventually, coma. The most important and potentially fatal stage is renal failure, which manifests as decreased urine production and fluid retention. The diagnosis of ethylene glycol poisoning frequently requires clinical suspicion based on the presenting symptoms and a history of possible exposure. Laboratory testing, such as blood gas analysis, serum electrolytes, and the detection of particular indicators such as calcium oxalate crystals in urine, can help confirm the diagnosis. Furthermore, imaging tests such as renal ultrasound may be used to determine the extent of kidney injury. The treatment for ethylene glycol poisoning is time-sensitive and tries to prevent the conversion of ethylene glycol to its deadly metabolites. The use of fomepizole or ethanol, both competitive inhibitors of enzyme pathways, can effectively prevent the generation of hazardous metabolites. Additionally, supportive therapies such as intravenous fluids, electrolyte balance correction, and renal replacement therapy may be required to control problems and prevent organ damage. Early detection and rapid intervention are critical in the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning to avoid serious complications and improve results. If you suspect you have ingested ethylene glycol, seek medical help right away for an accurate diagnosis and treatment.
