A class of medications known as central nervous system (CNS) stimulants works on the brain and spinal cord to produce elevated levels of energy, alertness, and concentration. These drugs are frequently used in medicine to treat disorders like narcolepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and some forms of depression. But because of their euphoric effects and ability to improve cognitive performance, they are also frequently misused. Neurotransmitters including dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are among the neurotransmitters that CNS stimulants increase in the brain. These neurotransmitters are essential for controlling arousal, mood, and attention. CNS stimulants boost activity and have a variety of effects, such as raised blood pressure, accelerated heart rate, reduced hunger, and greater alertness. Under the brand name Ritalin, methylphenidate is one of the most well-known CNS stimulants. The main conditions for which methylphenidate is utilized are narcolepsy and ADHD. It functions by preventing dopamine and norepinephrine from being reabsorbed, which raises their concentrations in the brain. For those with ADHD, this results in enhanced focus, concentration, and impulsive control. Amphetamine, which comes in the brands Adderall and Dexedrine, is another often prescribed CNS stimulant. Amphetamines, like methylphenidate, work by preventing dopamine and norepinephrine from being reabsorbed, thereby raising their levels in the brain. They are also used to treat narcolepsy and signs of ADHD. Amphetamines have also been used off-label to treat cognitive impairment and shift work sleep disorder by improving wakefulness and cognitive performance. The main indications for modafinil, a relatively newer CNS stimulant, include narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, and shift work sleep disorder. In contrast to conventional stimulants, modafinil's precise mode of action is still unknown. Nonetheless, it's thought to improve wakefulness via influencing the histamine, norepinephrine, and dopamine neurotransmitter systems. Notwithstanding their medicinal advantages, CNS stimulants have the potential to cause euphoria and improve cognitive function, which increases the risk of abuse and addiction. When these medications are misused, negative side effects such anxiety, paranoia, sleeplessness, and hallucinations can occur. When CNS stimulants are abused over an extended period of time, tolerance, dependency, and withdrawal symptoms may occur. The improper use of CNS stimulants has sparked worries about the moral and legal ramifications of cognitive enhancement, especially among students who want to boost their academic performance. Some contend that this kind of stimulant use is cheating and goes against the fundamentals of fair competition, while others think people should be free to choose how they want to improve their cognitive capacities. In summary, CNS stimulants are essential for treating a wide range of illnesses, but there are serious risks associated with their overuse and abuse. It is crucial to comprehend the possible hazards and mechanisms of action of these medications in order to encourage safe usage and reduce harm.