Chronic viral infection of the liver is a long-term condition marked by the ongoing presence of viral agents, notably hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). These viruses attack the liver, causing inflammation, damage, and possible long-term consequences. Hepatitis B and C viruses are the primary causes of persistent viral liver infections. They spread through contact with contaminated blood or body fluids, which occurs frequently during unprotected sex, needle sharing, or transmission from an infected mother to her child during childbirth. Once inside the body, viruses primarily target hepatocytes, or liver cells, where they reproduce and elicit an immunological response. The chronic phase of viral liver infections is distinguished by ongoing inflammation and liver damage. Over time, this can result in fibrosis, the production of scar tissue in the liver, and eventually cirrhosis, a condition marked by severe scarring and reduced liver function. Cirrhosis raises the risk of liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Chronic viral liver infections can cause symptoms to go undetected for years, contributing to the disease's slow progression. When symptoms appear, they frequently include exhaustion, stomach pain, jaundice, and unintentional weight loss. However, some people may remain asymptomatic despite having a chronic infection. Early detection of persistent viral liver infections is critical for avoiding consequences. Blood tests can detect the presence of viral antigens and antibodies, indicating the kind and stage of infection. Liver function tests and imaging procedures, such as ultrasound or elastography, can assist determine the severity of liver damage. Chronic viral liver infections are frequently treated with antiviral medicines to prevent viral reproduction and reduce disease progression. Individuals with severe cirrhosis or liver failure may be candidates for liver transplantation. Prevention remains an important factor in preventing the spread of chronic viral liver infections. Vaccination against hepatitis B is a very effective preventive intervention, while safe sex, needle sharing, and adequate screening of blood and organ donations all help to reduce the risk of hepatitis C transmission. To improve outcomes for people with persistent viral liver infections, public health activities include raising awareness and promoting testing, as well as assuring early discovery and intervention.
