Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a wide term for a group of ailments that affect the heart and blood vessels and is a major global health issue. It includes a variety of illnesses, such as peripheral artery disease, heart failure, hypertension, and coronary artery disease (CAD). Every year, millions of people die from CVD, which is the leading cause of death worldwide. A combination of genetic predisposition and lifestyle factors, such as a poor diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use, excessive alcohol use, and stress, are the main causes of these disorders, specifically atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Numerous CVD instances are rooted in atherosclerosis, which is the accumulation of plaque in artery walls. It happens as a result of the buildup of cellular waste, fatty substances, and cholesterol, which can cause arterial plaques to form that can obstruct blood flow. These plaques have the potential to rupture over time, causing blood clots to form that can completely obstruct blood vessels and result in heart attacks or strokes. High blood pressure, often known as hypertension, is another significant risk factor for CVD because it puts strain on the heart and arteries, causing atherosclerosis and raising the possibility of heart failure and stroke. Particularly in CAD, the coronary arteries, which deliver oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, constrict or get blocked. Angina (chest pain) and, in severe situations, myocardial infarction, sometimes known as a heart attack, can result from these arteries becoming blocked. On the other side, heart failure happens when the heart's ability to pump blood effectively is harmed, causing exhaustion, breathlessness, and fluid retention. Fighting this pervasive health issue requires raising knowledge of CVD risk factors, early symptoms, and the value of preventive actions. The burden of cardiovascular disease is being reduced, and the quality of life for those who are at risk is being improved, thanks in large part to public health programmes, research improvements, and greater access to healthcare services. Making considerable progress in the fight against cardiovascular disease and promoting heart-healthy living on a worldwide scale is attainable by putting into practise a comprehensive strategy that incorporates lifestyle modifications, medical interventions, and community assistance.
