Antibiotic-associated colitis, also known as antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) or Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), is a disorder that causes colon inflammation as a result of antibiotic use disrupting the normal gut microbiota. This illness is primarily caused by an overgrowth of the bacterium Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) in the colon. Antibiotics are drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of germs. However, while they kill unwanted bacteria, they can also upset the balance of helpful bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. This disruption allows C. difficile to flourish, resulting in the development of toxins that harm the colon lining, causing symptoms ranging from moderate diarrhea to severe inflammation and life-threatening consequences. Antibiotic-associated colitis symptoms range in intensity and presentation. They often include: Diarrhea is the primary symptom, which is frequently accompanied by stomach cramping and discomfort. The diarrhea might be mild to severe, watery, or bloody. Patients may have abdominal pain ranging from mild to severe, as well as bloating or soreness. Fever and Systemic Symptoms: Some people may experience fever, nausea, and general malaise. Severe Complications: In severe cases, AAD can proceed to pseudomembranous colitis, a severe form of the illness distinguished by the production of pseudomembranes in the colon, which can result in intestinal perforation, sepsis, and possibly fatal complications. Antibiotic-associated colitis is generally diagnosed by reviewing the patient's medical history, recent antibiotic use, and symptoms. Laboratory investigations, such as stool tests for C. difficile toxins, and imaging scans may be used to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment often consists of quitting the causative drug, if possible, and giving specialized antibiotics that target C. difficile, such as metronidazole or vancomycin. In extreme cases or those who do not respond to standard treatment, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may be used to restore gut bacteria balance. To prevent the spread of C. difficile in hospital settings, preventive interventions include the prudent use of antibiotics, particularly the avoidance of unneeded or lengthy courses, as well as proper hand cleanliness.
